Nobel Peace Prize: US President Barack Obama for extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples and for hiswork on nuclear non-proliferation.
Physiology or Medicine: US trio Elizabeth Blackburn, CarolWGreider and JackWSzostak won
the Nobel Medicine Prize for discovering an enzyme which helps chromosomes in cells stay
eternally young.
Literature: Herta Mueller, a Romanian-born writer who produced tales of the disenfranchised and fought for free speech, has won the 2009 Nobel prize for literature. She made her debut in 1982 with a collection of short stories.
Physics: Charles Kao, Willard Boyle and George Smith shared the 2009 Nobel Prize for physics for work in fibre-optics and in semiconductors.
Chemistry: Indian-American Venkatraman Ramakrishnan haswon Nobel Prize in chemistry. He shares it with Thomas Steitz, an American, and Ada Yonath, an Israeli.
Economic Sciences: Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson of the United States won the 2009
Nobel Economics Prize for their work on the organization of cooperation in economic governance.